Physics

use the combined gas law (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s), find molar mass of unknown gases, and compare ideal vs real gas with Van der Waals equation.

compute P=F/A (force per area), hydrostatic pressure P=ρgh at any fluid depth, convert between absolute and gauge pressure, find pressure altitude with ISA formula, and convert all pressure units (Pa, psi, bar, atm, mmHg)

compute fall time, distance, and velocity using v=gt, d=½gt², and v²=2gd. Includes terminal velocity calculator, reference table for falls from 10ft to 30,000ft, and comparison with/without air resistance

compute observed frequency using f’=f(v+v_o)/(v+v_s) for sound or the relativistic formula for light. Includes sign convention guide, ambulance example, redshift calculator, and animated wavefront simulation

Calculate buoyant force using Archimedes’ principle (F=ρVg). Find whether an object floats or sinks, apparent weight in fluid, and fluid density from measurements.

convert between photon energy (Joules, eV), frequency (Hz to THz), wavelength (nm, μm, Å), and wavenumber (cm⁻¹). Uses E=hf and E=hc/λ with full step-by-step working and EM spectrum classification.

find arc length of circle arcs (s=rθ), functions (∫√(1+f’²)dx), parametric and polar curves. Also finds radius from arc length using the sagitta-chord formula.

Standard atmosphere calculator — find temperature, pressure, density, and speed of sound at any altitude using the ISA model. Includes density altitude calculator, pressure altitude converter, and full ISA reference table from sea level to 80km

Calculate thermophysical properties of dry air at any temperature and pressure: density, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, thermal conductivity, and Prandtl number.

solve ρ=m/V for density, mass, or volume, find density of cylinders and spheres, use water displacement, and look up water density in kg/m³, lb/ft³, g/cm³, and lb/gal at any temperature